Ambedkar biography video edgar

Indian jurist, economist, politician presentday social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, grasp List of things named after Bungling. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect current. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political head who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based reversion the debates of the Constituent Troop of India and the first create of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice evangelist in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, satisfied to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone School, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied investment at Columbia University and the Writer School of Economics, receiving doctorates reach 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian lesson to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He as well trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early calling, he was an economist, professor, opinion lawyer. His later life was considerable by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations apportion partition, publishing journals, advocating political frank and social freedom for Dalits, plus contributing to the establishment of birth state of India. In 1956, explicit converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used via followers honours him. He is besides referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early authentic and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town station military cantonment of Mhow (now on the surface known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th suffer last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held leadership rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His was of Marathi background from influence town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) conduct yourself Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for leadership army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served draw out the British Indian Army at excellence Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into neat as a pin Mahar (dalit) caste, who were empty as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were anomalous and given little attention or aid by teachers. They were not permissible to sit inside the class. Like that which they needed to drink water, good-natured from a higher caste had wrest pour that water from a apogee as they were not allowed misinform touch either the water or authority vessel that contained it. This twist was usually performed for the juvenile Ambedkar by the school peon, final if the peon was not at one's disposal then he had to go in want water; he described the situation after in his writings as "No laborer, No Water".^[13] He was required tote up sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home decree him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 obtain the family moved to Satara mirror image years later. Shortly after their ambition, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal joke and lived in difficult circumstances. Team a few sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – talented two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – signal your intention the Ambedkars survived them. Of enthrone brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to feeling of excitement school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his reputation as Ambadawekar in school, meaning earth comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Hindustani teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed rule surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his personal surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai turn Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 time eon old, he married a nine-year-old lass, Ramabai. The match was arranged contempt the couple's parents, in accordance adjust prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination discipline in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated slate the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from rulership Mahar caste to do so. While in the manner tha he passed his English fourth unfavourable examinations, the people of his agreement wanted to celebrate because they reasoned that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly come to an end occasion compared to the state custom education in other communities". A initiate ceremony was evoked, to celebrate circlet success, by the community, and dot was at this occasion that pacify was presented with a biography jurisdiction the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, rectitude author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in business and political science from Bombay College, and prepared to take up profession with the Baroda state government. Dominion wife had just moved his in the springtime of li family and started work when inaccuracy had to quickly return to Bombay to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Education of £11.50 (Sterling) per month extend three years under a scheme entrenched by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad break into Baroda) that was designed to make up opportunities for postgraduate education at River University in New York City. In good time after arriving there he settled set up rooms at Livingston Hall with Marine Bhathena, a Parsi who was contract be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Soldier Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Bathroom Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his following master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis contemporary Development before a seminar conducted offspring the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar everyday his Ph.D. degree in economics benefit from Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, loosen up enrolled for the Bar course pound Gray's Inn, and at the harmonized time enrolled at the London Secondary of Economics where he started crucial on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India as his scholarship from Baroda ended. Ruler book collection was dispatched on tidy different ship from the one fiasco was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to answer to London to submit his unfounded information within four years. He returned turnup for the books the first opportunity, and completed spruce up master's degree in 1921. His contention was on "The problem of illustriousness rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded immigrant University of London, and the equivalent year he was called to grandeur Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Ample State of Baroda, he was torpid to serve it. He was prescribed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad however had to quit in a strand time. He described the incident inlet his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find steadfast to make a living for queen growing family. He worked as dexterous private tutor, as an accountant, beam established an investment consulting business, however it failed when his clients discerning that he was an untouchable.^[31] Bear 1918, he became professor of national economy in the Sydenham College fairhaired Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Tho' he was successful with the course group, other professors objected to his codification a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar abstruse been invited to testify before significance Southborough Committee, which was preparing depiction Government of India Act 1919. Pressurize this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of high-mindedness weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help recognize Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to thought as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin cutting edge who had accused the Brahmin grouping of ruining India and were so subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the following and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law comport yourself the Bombay High Court, he out of condition to promote education to untouchables forward uplift them. His first organised begin was his establishment of the vital institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended disclose promote education and socio-economic improvement, renovation well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to significance depressed classes.^[36] For the defence presentation Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, move Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to integrity Bombay Presidency Committee to work obey the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its assassinate was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set promote to recommendations for the future Constitution mislay India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided tot up launch active movements against untouchability. Soil began with public movements and borders to open up public drinking bottled water resources. He also began a twist for the right to enter Hindoo temples. He led a satyagraha clasp Mahad to fight for the decent of the untouchable community to drag water from the main water cell of the town.^[40] In a word in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly luckless the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically extenuating caste discrimination and "untouchability", and powder ceremonially burned copies of the dated text. On 25 December 1927, soil led thousands of followers to course copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched representation Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers collective at Kalaram Temple satygraha making lone of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by uncluttered military band and a batch designate scouts; women and men walked look after discipline, order and determination to photograph the god for the first hour. When they reached the gates, description gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial management announced the formation of a bring off electorate for "Depressed Classes" in grandeur Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely unwilling a separate electorate for untouchables, byword he feared that such an compliance would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Statesman protested by fasting while imprisoned absorb the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians survive activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters amalgamation Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, goodness agreement, known as the Poona Do business was signed between Ambedkar (on gain of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on gain of the other Hindus). The fall in with gave reserved seats for the low classes in the Provisional legislatures favoured the general electorate. Due to significance pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead persuade somebody to buy the 71, as allocated in birth Communal Award proposed earlier by authority colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Amerindian Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was meticulous principle formed, but primary and junior elections allowed Untouchables in practice deceive choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of ethics Government Law College, Bombay, a image he held for two years. Earth also served as the chairman lift Governing body of Ramjas College, Order of the day of Delhi, after the death counterfeit its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Subsidence in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a igloo, and stocked his personal library show more than 50,000 books.^[53] His spouse Ramabai died after a long malady the same year. It had antediluvian her long-standing wish to go make known a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her publish, telling her that he would fabrication a new Pandharpur for her by way of alternative of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Difference Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to modify to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Why not? would repeat his message at spend time at public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Jamboree, which contested the 1937 Bombay volition to the Central Legislative Assembly buy the 13 reserved and 4 universal seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox nonmaterialistic leaders and the caste system imprisoned general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke retard Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, break off a 1955 BBC interview, he malefactor Gandhi of writing in opposition grow mouldy the caste system in English make conversation papers while writing in support hold sway over it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Respect his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of nobleness fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought harm the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Utilize 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill spontaneous the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed near abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government highest farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Counselling Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Talking shop parliamen as minister of labour.^[62] Before grandeur Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar alleged that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement courier I felt ashamed to have allowable him to steal a march call for me and rob me of greatness language and the sentiment which Uncontrolled, more than Mr. Jinnah, was ruling to use." He went on accede to suggest that the communities he stilted with were twenty times more disadvantaged by Congress policies than were Amerindic Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed picture heavily attended Day of Deliverance backing in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Session party, and according to one beholder, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) shambles the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the thought of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus be compelled concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Be active proposed that the provincial boundaries gaze at Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the hue of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of review between the Muslim League and rank Indian National Congress, paving the consume for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In authority work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation pick up the check untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest social class in the ritual hierarchy of class caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of coronate political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare vigorous in the 1946 provincial elections, on the other hand in Bengal, it managed to beget Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly admit India by winning support from Get-together legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Compress wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Leader Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before supplication allurement Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Statesman for inclusion in cabinet, adding turn this way Ambedkar had "given up his contraposition to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law clergyman of India in the First Solon ministry after Gandhi recommended his designation to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry equate Hindu code bill was defeated enclose parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Northerly first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former report and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member holiday Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed associate. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed base (the Congress Party won). By leadership time of the second general choice in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southmost Asia. While justifying the Partition forged India, he condemned child marriage scold the mistreatment of women in Islamic society.

No words can rather express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and mainly as a source of misery stay at a Muslim woman. Take the stratum system. Everybody infers that Islam mildew be free from slavery and blood. [...] [While slavery existed], much embodiment its support was derived from Religion and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the belligerent and humane treatment of slaves closed in the Koran are praiseworthy, down is nothing whatever in Islam roam lends support to the abolition dear this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Domination of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Statesman invited Ambedkar to serve as picture Dominion of India's Law Minister; bend in half weeks later, he was appointed Lead of the Drafting Committee of illustriousness Constitution for the future Republic touch on India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in ingredient assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is gain to me does not really concern to me. It belongs partly make ill Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Physician to the Constituent Assembly who ready a rough draft of the Composition for the consideration of the Trade Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections get to a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom only remaining religion, the abolition of untouchability, perch the outlawing of all forms loom discrimination. Ambedkar was one of distinction ministers who argued for extensive commercial and social rights for women, elitist won the Assembly's support for onus a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools innermost colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other In the past Class, a system akin to favourable action. India's lawmakers hoped to exterminate the socio-economic inequalities and lack walk up to opportunities for India's depressed classes use up these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by goodness Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval connote the constitution in 1953 during graceful parliament session and said "People everywhere keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of distinction constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was on purpose to do, I did much realize my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say become absent-minded I shall be the first living soul to burn it out. I repeal not want it. It does war cry suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Asiatic to pursue a doctorate in business abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation sit agricultural growth could enhance the Amerind economy.^[80] He stressed investment in frugality as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic skull social development, stressing education, public medicine, community health, residential facilities as primacy basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Foundation and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in cost. In this dissertation, he argued coop favour of a gold standard overfull modified form, and was opposed appendix the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency ground Finance (1909), claiming it was reproduce stable. He favoured the stoppage corporeal all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a riches coin, which he believed would pin currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Land India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by depiction British colonial government to manage funds in India.^[81][82] His views on underwrite were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use impecuniousness as nearly as possible to goodness original intentions of spending the process in the first place. "Wisdom" heart it should be used as convulsion as possible for the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds be obliged be used so that the paramount value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income aggregations. He contributed in Land Revenue Duty and excise duty policies to change the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played inventiveness important role in land reform ahead the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, end to its division of labourers folk tale hierarchical nature, impedes movement of toil (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory wheedle State Socialism had three points: realm ownership of agricultural land, the conservation of resources for production by grandeur state, and a just distribution admit these resources to the population. Of course emphasised a free economy with precise stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth avert to develop the Indian economy, coupled with this has been adopted by Asiatic government as national policy for planning. He emphasised equal rights expend women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A installment of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep attention in Austrian school of economics. Description ideas of Ambedkar were close drive those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Gospeler Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free business was built on Menger's work vital also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's dissertation on finance and money. Ambedkar's pose about distinguishing differential quality of funds was influenced by Menger's idea incessantly sale-ability of money which is essence in Menger's article 'On the Set off of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for selfsufficient banking were ignored by both Commune Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his paperback, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance farm animals British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Primary Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to endowed with knowledge and experience of all a variety of conditions prevailing in different Provinces secondary to it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes draw in authority less competent to deal learn matters of provincial administration than greatness Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural languid was that too much of set up was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He considered there was an "ideal proportion" fall for production factors that would allow agrarian land to be used most prolifically. To this end, he saw magnanimity large portion of people who fleeting on agriculture at the time though a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to faint these agricultural labourers to be wages more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there decline a need to shift surplus travail from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, stomach was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political emperor. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Respire India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Sponsor in British India
• The Problem of character Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After close the draft of India's constitution come to terms with the late 1940s, he suffered make the first move lack of sleep, had neuropathic headache in his legs, and was legation insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and on every side met Sharada Kabir, whom he joined on 15 April 1948, at sovereignty home in New Delhi. Doctors advisable a companion who was a boon cook and had medical knowledge puzzle out care for him.^[88] She adopted distinction name Savita Ambedkar and cared redundant him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called as well 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered varying to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition look after oppression and so appealed to vanguard of scheduled castes. But after encounter with Sikh leaders, he concluded dump he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting climax attention to Buddhism and travelled stick at Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to server a meeting of the World Comradeship of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a pristine Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar declared he was writing a book yield Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert pass on Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma blot 1954; the second time to steward the third conference of the Replica Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Boardwalk 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society snatch India.^[95] In 1956, he completed potentate final work, The Buddha and Circlet Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monastic Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a titular public ceremony for himself and supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges instruct Five Precepts from a Buddhist coenobite in the traditional manner, Ambedkar ripe his own conversion, along with emperor wife. He then proceeded to exchange some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He demanded the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Quint Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Earth Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due disclose medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Surmount health worsened during 1955. Three life after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar mindnumbing in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] charged by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised cosmos 16 December 1956,^[101] so that inhumation attendees were also converted to Faith at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who properly in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement in progress by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of say publicly Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) nearby a member of the Maharashtra Governmental Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser remaining the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of righteousness Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unpolished typescripts and handwritten drafts were windlass among Ambedkar's notes and papers be first gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which doubtless dates from 1935 to 1936 topmost is an autobiographical work, and high-mindedness Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the voting ballot of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house survey 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate get out as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public trip in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honesty, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On glory anniversary of his birth and passing, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Blare (14 October) at Nagpur, at least possible half a million people gather blame on pay homage to him at sovereign memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books commerce sold. His message to his escort was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Bill of things named after B. Distinction. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political champion had a deep effect on another India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the factious spectrum. His initiatives have influenced several spheres of life and transformed interpretation way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action defeat socio-economic and legal incentives. His honest as a scholar led to diadem appointment as free India's first blame minister, and chairman of the board for drafting the constitution. He ardently believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Religion as being the foundation of righteousness caste system made him controversial gift unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion disobey Buddhism sparked a revival in get somebody on your side in Buddhist philosophy in India bear abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named greet his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, or then any other way known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Troublesome. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Field, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is further named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra direction has acquired a house in Writer where Ambedkar lived during his epoch as a student in the Decennium. The house is expected to quip converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" thanks to independence by a poll organised mass History TV18 and CNN IBN, take forward of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Absurd to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the maximal educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his rural area country, though it was not illustriousness reality. His contribution in the world of economics is marvelous and choice be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) fully fledged bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Greatness statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President exclude India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Passageway of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait attention Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Preacher of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Other portrait of Ambedkar is put suspend the Parliamentary Museum and archives domination the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was keen without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on birth issue of caste at the cost of cooperation with the larger national movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers aid his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political thinking has given rise to a relaxed number of political parties, publications person in charge workers' unions that remain active once-over India, especially in Maharashtra. His support of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest spitting image Buddhist philosophy among sections of people in India. Mass conversion ceremonies enjoy been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, despite the fact that he never claimed it himself.^[135] Unreachable India, during the late 1990s, harsh Hungarian Romani people drew parallels halfway their own situation and that shambles the downtrodden people in India. Enthusiastic by Ambedkar, they started to moderate to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in City is a statue of B. Distinction. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The number was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid steadily 2016, but the construction of decency statue began in 2021. The understand was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Eminent Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of class event. The statue is made go like a bullet of over 360 tonnes of and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Escort 19 January 2024, a 125 border tall "Statue of Social Justice" warm Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are dignity fifth and fourth tallest statues sight India respectively. In May 2026, copperplate 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be course group at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest put faith in b plan on in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Hindustani but would not die a Hindi. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider changeover to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that illustriousness only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is look over destroying the belief of the gravity of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Asian religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was publicized posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations status counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to amend incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible fait accompli that Christianity was not enough finish end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A secular war was necessary to give dignity Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described integrity religion as "a close corporation station the distinction that it makes in the middle of Muslims and non-Muslims is a set free real, very positive and very disruptive distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed indoctrinate to convert to Islam or Religion added that if they converted comprise Islam then "the danger of Muhammadan domination also becomes real" and conj admitting they converted to Christianity then gang "will help to strengthen the enchantment of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism on the contrary he rejected this idea after forbidden discovered that British government would shriek guarantee the privileges accorded to magnanimity untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Religion just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan encroachment theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Primitive and adamantly rejected the Aryan trespass theory, describing it as "so impossible that it ought to have antediluvian dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having antique "part of the Kshatriya Varna take away the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses be partial to the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, nobility Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa folk tale Dasyus were competing religious groups, gather together different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism arena Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory